Lesson 9: Stimulant Use Disorder

Attention

Read this article on the Pros and Cons about Drug Legalization

Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of this lesson's material, students will

• Understand stimulants and be able to state risks and benefits of their use
• Understand why non-prescription use of stimulants was criminalized and state the risks and benefits of legalization
• Be able to describe various treatment approaches for Stimulant Use Disorder

Teaching

ABOUT STIMULANTS 

Stimulants are substances that both cause the release of adrenaline, exciting, alerting and empowering us, and cause the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens in the basal ganglia, giving us a sense of pleasure and well-being. The main health risks are cardiovascular---stroke and heart attack. But moderate use may, as with other substances, be relatively safe.

Cocaine legal in this country until the Harrison Narcotics Act which continued to allow it to be prescribed by physicians (but not for treatment of cocaine addiction as had been the practice before the Act) but eliminated over the counter sales. Cocaine is still an ingredient in Coca Cola which is the largest importer of cocaine in this country: the cocaine is like O'Douls (a non-alcoholic beer), it's been de-cocainized and is just there for the flavoring. Cocaine is not as popular as it used to be. Main medical use of cocaine currently is as a local anesthetic for the mouth, nose and throat during surgery.

A NOTE: Both opiates and cocaine had been prescribed for their addicted patients by their physicians in the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries. The idea was that prescribing the substance gave both physician and patient some measure of control over the addiction and minimized harm. This was especially true when the patients were white middle and upper class. When the public began to perceive people who used cocaine and opiates as minorities and ethnically and racially different, political pressure was exerted not only to criminalize use but also to outlaw any approach other than abstinence. Although public health experts such as U.S. Surgeon General Vivek H. Murthy are now depicting addiction as a physical disorder (of the brain) to be treated in the same way as other physical disorders such as asthma and heart disease, this public attitude of seeing addiction as a moral and criminal problem persists and in many cases prevents effective treatments (such as needle exchange, naloxone for opiate overdose and medication assisted therapies such as methadone and suboxone) that reduce harm, improve functionality and get patients on the road to recovery.

Amphetamines and Methamphetamine.

Amphetamines were first synthesized in 1887. First commercial application was in the 1930s with the marketing of the medication Benzedrine for a variety of respiratory problems. In WW II amphetamines were used to aid the war effort by increasing soldiers' alertness. It wasn’t until the 1970s that the addictive properties of amphetamines were clearly recognized and it was placed in DEA Schedule II under the Controlled Substances Act.

Medical uses are for weight loss, treating narcolepsy, treating ADHD.

Methamphetamine works the same way as amphetamine but is considered more powerful because it gets to the brain quicker and has a more powerful effect in the basal ganglia.

These substances may cause decrease in saliva production resulting in tooth decay ("meth mouth"). May produce same mental health issues (anxiety, paranoia). They are similar to cocaine in their effect and the treatment issues are similar. While cocaine use has decreased, methamphetamine use has increased especially in the South and West U.S.

Cocaine and methamphetamine are both dopamine reuptake inhibitors but meth is more potent because it actually causes the neuron to release more dopamine into the synapse. The proliferation of dopamine in the synapse is the reason for the tremendous high associated with cocaine and methamphetamine.

TREATMENT

The treatment of Cocaine, Amphetamines and Methamphetamines is similar.

One  treatment issue is withdrawal-induced depression which may be helped by anti-depressant medication and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy  may also help with dealing with the depression that may co-occur with Stimulant Use Disorder. This depression may have actually preceded use and use of stimulants may have been self-medication.

Treatment of SUD issues is the same as for other substances with emphasis on dealing with  cravings, relapse prevention and lifestyle changes to support abstinence.

Stimulant users may have a sense of grandiosity that makes it difficult to establish a therapeutic relationship.

Occasionally stimulant use may cause psychosis characterized by paranoia and aggressive behavior. Usually this will resolve by itself as the stimulant wears off. 

Stimulant users often report that the pleasure of use is like nothing else and one therapeutic goal is to help the user live in a world where moderation is seen as the key to happiness.

CRIMINALIZATION OF SUBSTANCES

The main impetus behind criminalization of substances in the 20th Century was supposed medical and social harm due to use. But most substances do not cause medical or social problems when used in moderation. Criminalization politically has worked because users have been portrayed as dangerous and have been stigmatized as members of despised minorities.

The main risk with substances is addiction and arguably the number of addicts would increase if substances were more easily obtainable.  But there is increasing evidence that the proportion of people who become addicted to any substance is largely determined by genetic and neurophysiological issues while the large majority of the population will not become addicted.

For example, According to Philip J Cook's book "Paying the Tab" (which makes calculations based on the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions) it may be that up to 50% of the alcohol that is bought in this country is bought by 10% of the population.

The main benefit of decriminalization, especially if money currently used on law enforcement and incarceration were shifted to treatment, might be fewer lives wasted behind bars and more lives rescued to be productive members of society. The main risk is that there would be an increase in social chaos if we became a culture whose main form of recreation were intoxication. But this did not seem to happen in the 19th Century when all substances were legal in this country and you could buy cocaine from the Sears Catalogue.

LEGAL SPEED

Caffeine.

Health benefits in moderation for cardiovascular system and for prevention of Type II diabetes. Main health risk is cardiovascular when used excessively (> 3 to 5 cups or 150 to 200mg/day). There is no Caffeine Use Disorder because it is not considered addictive because people by-in-large do not develop preoccupation or compulsive use. However, excessive use may produce Caffeine Intoxication primarily characterized by anxiety and raised blood pressure and heart rate. Treatment is to just let it wear off. Also people may experience Caffeine Withdrawal when advised to quit or reduce intake by their physician. There is an increasing concern about kids especially overdosing on energy drinks which often contain not only caffeine but other stimulants such as ginseng and guarana. This may lead to emergency room visits and serious medical problems. Here’s a link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22256934

Assessment

Lesson 9 Quiz

1. State the risks and benefits associated with up to three stimulants discussed in this Lesson (10 points for each up to 30 points)
2. What were the reasons stated in the Lesson for the criminalization of non-medical cocaine and amphetamine/methamphetamine use? List and describe up to three reasons for 10 points each (up to 30 points)
3. What is the treatment described in the Lesson for Stimulant Use Disorder. List and describe the elements (20 points) and also special problems associated with Stimulants (20 points).

Lesson 9 Discussion

State three points that support decriminalization of all substances and three points that oppose it. State your position on this issue and defend it by citing at least one source, not already cited in this Lesson, that you have found through your own research on the Net.