Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Erik Erikson, a student of Freud, developed what is likely the most well known lifespan theory of development. He coined the term Psychosocial to describe his theory in order to highlight its emphasis on the interaction between the Psyche and the Social environment in which the child is growing up. This interaction is the source of the energy that pushes development forward.

At this point in the course we are going to start with a discussion of the first three stages. You will then need to explore the memories and thoughts regarding this part of life with the person you are interviewing.

Basic Trust versus Mistrust

Erikson felt that the first interaction with the world experienced by the child is one where they are removed from the comfort of the womb and thrust into a world that is cold, bright, and does not always meet their needs immediately. The caregivers respond to the needs of the child as best they can and the child develops a sense of how trustworthy the world is. "With a proper balance of trust and mistrust, infants can acquire HOPE, which is an openesss to new experience tempered by wariness that discomfort or danger may arise".

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

During the first few years of life children begin to realize that they can control their own actions. Children will strive for autonomy and independence from others. Their own doubt as to how they can handle independence and the shame of failure counteract this effort. "A blend of autonomy, shame, and doubt gives rise to WILL, the knowledge that, within limits, youngers can act on their world intentionally."

Initiative versus Guilt

At this point in life (roughly ages 3-4) children begin to take on specific responsibilities for themselves. Play is more purposeful and children begin to explore adult roles. These ambitions however, are sometimes in conflict with their environment ("helping too much"). "PURPOSE is achieved with a balance beween individual initiative and a willingenss to cooperate with others."

Industry versus Inferiority

During this stage we are capable of learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge, thus developing a sense of industry. This is also a very social stage of development and if we experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among our peers, we can have serious problems in terms of competence and self-esteem.

As the world expands a bit, our most significant relationship is with the school and neighborhood. Parents are no longer the complete authorities they once were, although they are still important.

Identity versus Identity Diffusion

In Erikson's 5th stage the adolescent encounters "Identity vs. Identify Diffusion"...but identity is not just ONE thing...it is many things.

Consider these aspects of your identity:

• gender
• education
• family
• location
• skills
• weaknesses
• favorite foods/music/etc.
• goals

Each of these fluctuate over time so your Identity is constantly, in some ways, in a process of change.

Intimacy versus Isolation

Generativity versus Stagnation